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The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming and circumventing limitations of systems to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities (such as programming or other media〔(The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman, 2002 ) (gnu.org)〕) in a spirit of playfulness and exploration is termed "hacking". However, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves (e.g. programming), but the manner in which it is done: hacking entails some form of excellence, for example exploring the limits of what is possible,〔(On Hacking ) (stallman.org)〕 thereby doing something exciting and meaningful.〔 Activities of playful cleverness can be said to have "hack value" and are termed "hacks"〔 (examples include pranks at MIT intended to demonstrate technical aptitude and cleverness). The hacker culture originally emerged in academia in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC)〔(TMRC - Hackers )〕 and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.〔(Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing ) (gnu.org)〕 Richard Stallman explains about hackers who program: Hackers from this subculture tend to emphatically differentiate themselves from what they pejoratively call "crackers"; those who are generally referred to by media and members of the general public using the term "hacker", and whose primary focusbe it to malign or malevolent purposeslies in exploiting weaknesses in computer security.〔 ==Definition== The Jargon File, an influential but not universally accepted compendium of hacker slang, defines hacker as "A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and stretching their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary." The Request for Comments (RFC) 1392, the Internet Users' Glossary, amplifies this meaning as "A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular."〔(Internet Users' Glossary ) (Request for Comments 1392), January 1993〕 As documented in the Jargon File, these hackers are disappointed by the mass media and general public's usage of the word ''hacker'' to refer to security breakers, calling them "crackers" instead. This includes both "good" crackers ("white hat hackers") who use their computer security related skills and knowledge to learn more about how systems and networks work and to help to discover and fix security holes, as well as those more "evil" crackers ("black hat hackers") who use the same skills to author harmful software (like viruses, trojans, etc.) and illegally infiltrate secure systems with the intention of doing harm to the system.〔() Definition of "Cracker" in the Jargon File〕 The programmer subculture of hackers, in contrast to the cracker community, generally sees computer security related activities as contrary to the ideals of the original and true meaning of the hacker term that instead related to playful cleverness.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hacker culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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